Germany Protein Industry 2025-2033 Analysis: Trends, Competitor Dynamics, and Growth Opportunities

Key Insights

The German protein industry, valued at €730.6 million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by increasing consumer demand for protein-rich foods and animal feed. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a substantial market expansion. Key drivers include the rising popularity of sports and performance nutrition, growing awareness of the health benefits of protein, and the increasing demand for sustainable and ethically sourced protein sources within the animal feed sector. Market segmentation reveals a significant contribution from animal-derived protein sources, followed by sports/performance nutrition and food and beverage applications. Leading players like Darling Ingredients Inc., Tessenderlo Group, and Fonterra are capitalizing on these trends, focusing on innovation and expanding their product portfolios to cater to evolving consumer preferences. The regional distribution shows strong performance across key German states like North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria, and Baden-Württemberg, reflecting a robust domestic market. Potential restraints could include fluctuating raw material prices and stringent regulations concerning food safety and labeling. However, the overall outlook remains positive, with opportunities for growth through product diversification, strategic partnerships, and expansion into new market segments like plant-based protein alternatives. The projected growth anticipates an increase in market value, likely exceeding €900 million by 2033, reflecting the industry’s resilience and adaptability within the broader German food and beverage landscape. Further growth could be stimulated by government initiatives supporting sustainable agricultural practices and technological advancements in protein production and processing.

The German protein market’s success is intricately linked to consumer behavior and government policies. Health-conscious consumers are increasingly incorporating protein-rich products into their diets, driving demand across various segments. This trend is amplified by the rising popularity of fitness and athletic activities. Simultaneously, the animal feed segment benefits from the growing livestock industry. The industry’s continued success depends on manufacturers' ability to meet these demands while adapting to evolving consumer preferences towards sustainability and ethical sourcing. This includes embracing innovations in plant-based protein technologies and implementing transparent and traceable supply chains. The focus on R&D in this field will be crucial in driving future growth and securing Germany's position as a major player in the European protein market.

Germany Protein Industry: Market Analysis & Forecast Report (2019-2033)

This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Germany protein industry, encompassing market size, growth drivers, competitive landscape, and future outlook. The study period covers 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year, and a forecast period of 2025-2033. This report is essential for industry stakeholders, investors, and market entrants seeking actionable insights into this dynamic market.

Germany Protein Industry Research Report - Market Size, Growth & Forecast

Germany Protein Industry Market Structure & Competitive Dynamics

The German protein industry is characterized by a moderately concentrated market structure, with several multinational players and a significant number of smaller, regional companies. The market exhibits a dynamic interplay of established players and emerging entrants, fostering an environment of both cooperation and competition. Innovation ecosystems are evolving, driven by technological advancements and increasing consumer demand for specific protein sources. Regulatory frameworks are intricate, influencing production processes, labeling requirements, and overall market dynamics. Product substitutes, such as plant-based proteins, are gaining traction, although animal-derived proteins retain a significant market share. End-user trends reveal a rising preference for convenience and functional attributes, driving innovation in product formats and formulations. M&A activities have played a role in shaping the competitive landscape, though the overall deal value for the period 2019-2024 was approximately €xx Million. Key players' market share fluctuates yearly, with no single entity dominating; estimates place the top three players' combined share at around xx%.

Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with a mix of large multinationals and smaller firms.
Innovation Ecosystems: Driven by technological advancements and consumer preferences.
Regulatory Frameworks: Complex and influential on production and labeling.
Product Substitutes: Plant-based proteins are emerging as competitors.
M&A Activity: Consolidation evident, with an estimated €xx Million in deal value (2019-2024).

Germany Protein Industry Industry Trends & Insights

The German protein industry is experiencing robust growth, driven primarily by increasing consumer demand for high-protein foods and beverages, fueled by health and wellness trends. Technological disruptions, such as precision fermentation and advanced protein extraction techniques, are reshaping production processes, leading to greater efficiency and sustainability. Consumer preferences are shifting towards cleaner labels, natural ingredients, and functional attributes, prompting manufacturers to reformulate products to meet evolving demands. Competitive dynamics are intensifying, with both established players and new entrants vying for market share. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the period 2019-2024 was approximately xx%, and market penetration of novel protein sources is projected to increase by xx% by 2033.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Germany Protein Industry

Within the German protein industry, the Food and Beverages segment is currently dominant, driven by the increasing demand for protein-enriched products in various food categories. The Animal Feed segment also holds significant market share, owing to the strong livestock industry in Germany. Within protein sources, Animal-derived proteins currently dominate, although the Sport/Performance Nutrition segment shows rapid growth.

Key Drivers for Food & Beverages: Growing health consciousness, rising disposable incomes, and increasing demand for convenience foods.
Key Drivers for Animal Feed: Large livestock population and importance of animal protein in the German diet.
Key Drivers for Sport/Performance Nutrition: Rising participation in sports and fitness activities, and increasing awareness of the role of protein in athletic performance.
Dominance Analysis: While animal-derived protein currently holds the largest market share, plant-based alternatives are experiencing significant growth.

Germany Protein Industry Product Innovations

Recent product innovations in the German protein industry reflect a focus on improving functionality, enhancing nutritional profiles, and promoting sustainability. Technological advancements in protein extraction and processing are leading to the development of new products with superior quality, taste, and texture. The market is seeing a rise in plant-based protein alternatives and protein-fortified food and beverages. This emphasis on diversification caters to the growing demand for healthier and more sustainable options, increasing product differentiation and creating new competitive advantages.

Report Segmentation & Scope

This report segments the German protein industry by source (Animal, Plant-based), end-user (Animal Feed, Food and Beverages, Sport/Performance Nutrition), and protein type (Whey, Casein, Soy, Pea, etc.). Each segment's market size, growth projections, and competitive dynamics are extensively analyzed within the report. For example, the Animal-derived segment is currently experiencing steady growth, driven by strong demand from the Food & Beverage sector; the projected CAGR for the Animal-derived segment (2025-2033) is xx%. The Plant-based segment exhibits the highest growth potential with a projected CAGR of xx% over the forecast period. The Food and Beverage end-use segment is the largest, driven by increasing health consciousness and convenience.

Key Drivers of Germany Protein Industry Growth

Several factors drive growth in the German protein industry. Technological advancements in protein extraction and processing enable efficient production and the development of novel protein sources. Strong economic conditions contribute to increased consumer spending on food and beverages. Favorable government regulations and policies supporting the food industry also support market expansion. Furthermore, the rising awareness of health and wellness, particularly the role of protein in maintaining a healthy lifestyle, fuels considerable market demand.

Challenges in the Germany Protein Industry Sector

The German protein industry faces several challenges. Stringent regulatory requirements and labeling laws pose hurdles for manufacturers. Supply chain disruptions, particularly those linked to raw material sourcing and transportation, have an impact on production costs. Intense competition among established and emerging players creates significant pressure on pricing and margins. Fluctuations in raw material prices and global market volatility pose additional challenges to long-term profitability. Estimates indicate that these factors combined reduced industry profitability by approximately xx% in 2024 compared to 2019.

Leading Players in the Germany Protein Industry Market

Darling Ingredients Inc
Tessenderlo Group
Royal FrieslandCampina N V
Lantmännen
Archer Daniels Midland Company
MEGGLE GmbH & Co KG
Lactoprot Deutschland GmbH
Kerry Group PLC
Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited
Roquette Frère
Arla Foods AmbA
Agrial Enterprise
Ÿnsec

Key Developments in Germany Protein Industry Sector

August 2021: Arla Foods Ingredients launched MicelPure™, a micellar casein isolate, expanding its product portfolio and catering to the growing demand for high-quality protein ingredients in the food and beverage sector.
December 2021: Henning Dehler appointed CFO at MEGGLE Group GmbH, signaling a focus on financial stability and strategic growth for the company.
March 2022: Stegmann Emmental Käsereien GmbH officially operated as MEGGLE Cheese GmbH, signifying a consolidation within the MEGGLE Group and a potential expansion in the dairy protein segment.

Strategic Germany Protein Industry Market Outlook

The German protein industry is poised for sustained growth, driven by evolving consumer preferences, technological innovation, and a favorable regulatory environment. Opportunities exist in developing sustainable and innovative protein sources, expanding into niche markets, and strengthening supply chain resilience. Strategic partnerships and collaborations could further drive growth, enabling companies to leverage complementary strengths and accelerate market penetration. The industry's future success hinges on adapting to evolving consumer demands and leveraging technology to enhance efficiency and sustainability.

Germany Protein Industry Segmentation

1. Source
- 1.1. Animal
  - 1.1.1. By Protein Type
    - 1.1.1.1. Casein and Caseinates
    - 1.1.1.2. Collagen
    - 1.1.1.3. Egg Protein
    - 1.1.1.4. Gelatin
    - 1.1.1.5. Insect Protein
    - 1.1.1.6. Milk Protein
    - 1.1.1.7. Whey Protein
    - 1.1.1.8. Other Animal Protein
- 1.2. Microbial
  - 1.2.1. Algae Protein
  - 1.2.2. Mycoprotein
- 1.3. Plant
  - 1.3.1. Hemp Protein
  - 1.3.2. Pea Protein
  - 1.3.3. Potato Protein
  - 1.3.4. Rice Protein
  - 1.3.5. Soy Protein
  - 1.3.6. Wheat Protein
  - 1.3.7. Other Plant Protein
2. End User
- 2.1. Animal Feed
- 2.2. Food and Beverages
  - 2.2.1. By Sub End User
    - 2.2.1.1. Bakery
    - 2.2.1.2. Breakfast Cereals
    - 2.2.1.3. Condiments/Sauces
    - 2.2.1.4. Confectionery
    - 2.2.1.5. Dairy and Dairy Alternative Products
    - 2.2.1.6. Meat/Poultry/Seafood and Meat Alternative Products
    - 2.2.1.7. RTE/RTC Food Products
    - 2.2.1.8. Snacks
- 2.3. Personal Care and Cosmetics
- 2.4. Supplements
  - 2.4.1. Baby Food and Infant Formula
  - 2.4.2. Elderly Nutrition and Medical Nutrition
  - 2.4.3. Sport/Performance Nutrition

Germany Protein Industry Segmentation By Geography

1. Germany

Germany Protein Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

Aspects	Details
Study Period	2019-2033
Base Year	2024
Estimated Year	2025
Forecast Period	2025-2033
Historical Period	2019-2024
Growth Rate	CAGR of 3.50% from 2019-2033
Segmentation	By Source Animal By Protein Type Casein and Caseinates Collagen Egg Protein Gelatin Insect Protein Milk Protein Whey Protein Other Animal Protein Microbial Algae Protein Mycoprotein Plant Hemp Protein Pea Protein Potato Protein Rice Protein Soy Protein Wheat Protein Other Plant Protein By End User Animal Feed Food and Beverages By Sub End User Bakery Breakfast Cereals Condiments/Sauces Confectionery Dairy and Dairy Alternative Products Meat/Poultry/Seafood and Meat Alternative Products RTE/RTC Food Products Snacks Personal Care and Cosmetics Supplements Baby Food and Infant Formula Elderly Nutrition and Medical Nutrition Sport/Performance Nutrition By Geography Germany

1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- - 3.2. Market Drivers
  - - 3.2.1. Increasing Demand For Convenience & Processed Food
- - 3.3. Market Restrains
  - - 3.3.1. Increased Consumer Awareness On Side-Effects Of Chemical Additives
- - 3.4. Market Trends
  - - 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
5. Germany Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Source
  - 5.1.1. Animal
    - 5.1.1.1. By Protein Type
      - 5.1.1.1.1. Casein and Caseinates
      - 5.1.1.1.2. Collagen
      - 5.1.1.1.3. Egg Protein
      - 5.1.1.1.4. Gelatin
      - 5.1.1.1.5. Insect Protein
      - 5.1.1.1.6. Milk Protein
      - 5.1.1.1.7. Whey Protein
      - 5.1.1.1.8. Other Animal Protein
  - 5.1.2. Microbial
    - 5.1.2.1. Algae Protein
    - 5.1.2.2. Mycoprotein
  - 5.1.3. Plant
    - 5.1.3.1. Hemp Protein
    - 5.1.3.2. Pea Protein
    - 5.1.3.3. Potato Protein
    - 5.1.3.4. Rice Protein
    - 5.1.3.5. Soy Protein
    - 5.1.3.6. Wheat Protein
    - 5.1.3.7. Other Plant Protein
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User
  - 5.2.1. Animal Feed
  - 5.2.2. Food and Beverages
    - 5.2.2.1. By Sub End User
      - 5.2.2.1.1. Bakery
      - 5.2.2.1.2. Breakfast Cereals
      - 5.2.2.1.3. Condiments/Sauces
      - 5.2.2.1.4. Confectionery
      - 5.2.2.1.5. Dairy and Dairy Alternative Products
      - 5.2.2.1.6. Meat/Poultry/Seafood and Meat Alternative Products
      - 5.2.2.1.7. RTE/RTC Food Products
      - 5.2.2.1.8. Snacks
  - 5.2.3. Personal Care and Cosmetics
  - 5.2.4. Supplements
    - 5.2.4.1. Baby Food and Infant Formula
    - 5.2.4.2. Elderly Nutrition and Medical Nutrition
    - 5.2.4.3. Sport/Performance Nutrition
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
  - 5.3.1. Germany
6. North Rhine-Westphalia Germany Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
7. Bavaria Germany Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
8. Baden-Württemberg Germany Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
9. Lower Saxony Germany Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
10. Hesse Germany Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- - 11.2. Company Profiles
  - - 11.2.1 Darling Ingredients Inc
      11.2.1.1. Overview
      11.2.1.2. Products
      11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.2 Tessenderlo Group
      11.2.2.1. Overview
      11.2.2.2. Products
      11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.3 Royal FrieslandCampina N V
      11.2.3.1. Overview
      11.2.3.2. Products
      11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.4 Lantmännen
      11.2.4.1. Overview
      11.2.4.2. Products
      11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.5 Archer Daniels Midland Company
      11.2.5.1. Overview
      11.2.5.2. Products
      11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.6 MEGGLE GmbH & Co KG
      11.2.6.1. Overview
      11.2.6.2. Products
      11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.7 Lactoprot Deutschland GmbH
      11.2.7.1. Overview
      11.2.7.2. Products
      11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.8 Kerry Group PLC
      11.2.8.1. Overview
      11.2.8.2. Products
      11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.9 Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited
      11.2.9.1. Overview
      11.2.9.2. Products
      11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.10 Roquette Frère
      11.2.10.1. Overview
      11.2.10.2. Products
      11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.11 Arla Foods AmbA
      11.2.11.1. Overview
      11.2.11.2. Products
      11.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.11.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.12 Agrial Enterprise
      11.2.12.1. Overview
      11.2.12.2. Products
      11.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.12.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
    - 11.2.13 Ÿnsec
      11.2.13.1. Overview
      11.2.13.2. Products
      11.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
      11.2.13.4. Recent Developments
      11.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)

List of Figures

Figure 1: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
Figure 2: Germany Protein Industry Share (%) by Company 2024

List of Tables

Table 1: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
Table 2: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
Table 3: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Source 2019 & 2032
Table 4: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Source 2019 & 2032
Table 5: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
Table 6: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
Table 7: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
Table 8: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
Table 9: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Table 10: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Table 11: North Rhine-Westphalia Germany Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 12: North Rhine-Westphalia Germany Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 13: Bavaria Germany Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 14: Bavaria Germany Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 15: Baden-Württemberg Germany Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 16: Baden-Württemberg Germany Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 17: Lower Saxony Germany Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 18: Lower Saxony Germany Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 19: Hesse Germany Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 20: Hesse Germany Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Table 21: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Source 2019 & 2032
Table 22: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Source 2019 & 2032
Table 23: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
Table 24: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
Table 25: Germany Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Table 26: Germany Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Germany Protein Industry?

The projected CAGR is approximately 3.50%.

2. Which companies are prominent players in the Germany Protein Industry?

Key companies in the market include Darling Ingredients Inc, Tessenderlo Group, Royal FrieslandCampina N V, Lantmännen, Archer Daniels Midland Company, MEGGLE GmbH & Co KG, Lactoprot Deutschland GmbH, Kerry Group PLC, Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Roquette Frère, Arla Foods AmbA, Agrial Enterprise, Ÿnsec.

3. What are the main segments of the Germany Protein Industry?

The market segments include Source, End User.

4. Can you provide details about the market size?

The market size is estimated to be USD 730.6 Million as of 2022.

5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?

Increasing Demand For Convenience & Processed Food.

6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?

OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?

Increased Consumer Awareness On Side-Effects Of Chemical Additives.

8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?

March 2022: Stegmann Emmental Käsereien GmbH has now operated as MEGGLE Cheese GmbH. It has been part of the MEGGLE Group since May 2021. December 2021: Effective January 1, 2022, Henning Dehler will be in the role of Chief Financial Officer at MEGGLE Group GmbH. He will be responsible for the areas of finance, and information technology, as well as corporate development and transformation. August 2021: Arla Foods Ingredients launched MicelPure™, a micellar casein isolate, in the market. The new micellar casein isolate contains a minimum of 87% of native protein, is low in lactose and fat, is heat-stable, and has a neutral taste. It is majorly used in RTD beverages, high-protein beverages, and powder shakes.

9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?

Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.

10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?

The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Tons.

11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?

Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Germany Protein Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.

12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?

The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.

13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Germany Protein Industry report?

While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.

14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Germany Protein Industry?

To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Germany Protein Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.

Methodology

Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database

Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Top-down and bottom-up approaches are used to validate the global market size and estimate the market size for manufactures, regional segments, product, and application.

Note*: In applicable scenarios

Step 3 - Data Sources

Primary Research

Web Analytics
Survey Reports
Research Institute
Latest Research Reports
Opinion Leaders

Secondary Research

Annual Reports
White Paper
Latest Press Release
Industry Association
Paid Database
Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation

Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study

These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.

Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.

During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence

Additionally, after gathering mixed and scattered data from a wide range of sources, data is triangulated and correlated to come up with estimated figures which are further validated through primary mediums or industry experts, opinion leaders.