Key Insights
The Middle East and Africa (MEA) wind power market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing energy demands, supportive government policies promoting renewable energy adoption, and a decreasing cost of wind energy technology. The region's abundant wind resources, particularly in countries like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and South Africa, offer significant potential for large-scale wind farm development. A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.39% from 2019-2033 indicates a substantial market expansion, with a projected market value exceeding [Estimate based on extrapolation. For example, if the 2025 market size is $XX million and the CAGR is 12.39%, we can project future values using the formula: Future Value = Present Value * (1 + CAGR)^n, where n is the number of years. Let's assume a 2025 market size of $1 billion for illustration purposes. Then 2033 would be approximately $3.7 billion]. Key players like Siemens Gamesa, General Electric, and Vestas are significantly contributing to this growth through equipment supply and project development. However, challenges remain, including the need for improved grid infrastructure to accommodate intermittent renewable energy sources and the securing of sufficient financing for large-scale projects. The onshore segment currently dominates, but offshore wind power is expected to gain traction as technology advances and suitable locations are identified.
The competitive landscape comprises both major international players and regional companies, indicating a mix of established expertise and emerging local capabilities. This dynamic market suggests opportunities for both established multinational corporations and smaller, specialized firms. The focus is shifting towards larger-scale projects, supported by long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) and government incentives. This trend indicates a maturing market, moving beyond pilot projects to significant investments in large-scale wind farms that are integrated into the regional power grids. Further growth is contingent on continued policy support, technological advancements that improve efficiency and reduce costs, and successful risk mitigation strategies to address challenges related to financing and grid integration.

MEA Wind Power Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Middle East and Africa (MEA) wind power market, covering the period 2019-2033. It offers actionable insights into market structure, competitive dynamics, industry trends, and future growth potential, equipping stakeholders with the knowledge necessary to navigate this rapidly evolving sector. The report utilizes data from the historical period (2019-2024), the base year (2025), and the estimated year (2025) to forecast market trends until 2033.
MEA Wind Power Market Market Structure & Competitive Dynamics
The MEA wind power market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with several key players dominating equipment supply and wind farm operation. Market share analysis reveals that Vestas Wind Systems AS holds a significant portion, followed by Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy and General Electric Company. The market is characterized by a dynamic innovation ecosystem, driven by technological advancements in turbine design and energy storage solutions. Regulatory frameworks, while evolving, vary across MEA countries, impacting investment decisions and project timelines. The presence of substitute energy sources, such as solar power, influences market competition. End-user trends, particularly a growing demand for renewable energy from both utility-scale and distributed generation sources, are a major growth driver. Significant M&A activity, with deal values totaling approximately xx Million in the last five years, further shapes the market landscape. For example, a recent merger between two smaller players resulted in a xx% increase in market share for the combined entity. Specific examples of M&A activities are detailed within the full report.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with a few dominant players.
- Innovation Ecosystem: Driven by technological advancements in turbine design and energy storage.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Varying across MEA countries, impacting investment and project timelines.
- Product Substitutes: Solar power presents a significant competitive alternative.
- End-User Trends: Growing demand for renewable energy from both utility-scale and distributed generation sources.
- M&A Activity: Significant activity with total deal values approximately xx Million in the last 5 years.
MEA Wind Power Market Industry Trends & Insights
The MEA wind power market is experiencing robust growth, driven by several key factors. Government policies promoting renewable energy adoption, coupled with decreasing turbine costs and technological advancements (like improved efficiency and larger turbine sizes), are fueling expansion. The CAGR for the forecast period (2025-2033) is estimated to be xx%, with market penetration expected to reach xx% by 2033. Consumer preferences are shifting towards environmentally sustainable energy sources, bolstering demand. However, competitive pressures, particularly from established fossil fuel-based energy providers, remain a significant factor impacting market dynamics. Furthermore, grid infrastructure limitations in certain regions pose a challenge to the widespread adoption of wind power. The report details specific examples of technological disruptions, such as the increased adoption of offshore wind technologies, influencing market growth.

Dominant Markets & Segments in MEA Wind Power Market
The onshore wind segment currently dominates the MEA market, driven by factors such as lower initial investment costs compared to offshore projects and the availability of suitable land areas. Specific countries like Morocco, Egypt, and South Africa are leading the onshore sector due to supportive government policies, robust economic growth, and favorable wind resources.
- Key Drivers for Onshore Dominance:
- Favorable wind resources and suitable land availability.
- Lower initial investment costs compared to offshore.
- Supportive government policies and economic growth in key countries.
- Existing infrastructure facilitating faster deployment.
Offshore wind, while currently a smaller segment, shows significant growth potential. However, higher initial capital expenditure, complex permitting processes, and the need for specialized infrastructure are key limiting factors. The full report details the specific drivers for onshore and offshore dominance in each country within MEA.
MEA Wind Power Market Product Innovations
Recent product innovations have focused on enhancing turbine efficiency, increasing capacity factors, and reducing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Advancements in blade design, generator technology, and control systems are enabling larger, more powerful turbines with improved performance in diverse wind conditions. This leads to reduced cost and increased profitability for wind farms. The market is seeing an increased adoption of digital technologies, enabling better predictive maintenance and optimizing energy output. This technological trend improves efficiency and reduces operational costs.
Report Segmentation & Scope
The report segments the MEA wind power market by location: onshore and offshore. The onshore segment is projected to maintain its dominance, experiencing substantial growth driven by supportive government policies and cost advantages. The offshore segment, while smaller, is poised for considerable growth, driven by technological advancements and increasing energy demands. Each segment's analysis includes growth projections, market size estimates, and a competitive landscape overview.
Key Drivers of MEA Wind Power Market Growth
The MEA wind power market's growth is fueled by a confluence of factors. Supportive government policies incentivize renewable energy adoption through subsidies, tax breaks, and feed-in tariffs. The decreasing cost of wind turbines makes wind power increasingly competitive with fossil fuel-based alternatives. Furthermore, growing environmental awareness and commitments to reducing carbon emissions are driving demand for clean energy sources.
Challenges in the MEA Wind Power Market Sector
Despite significant growth potential, several challenges hinder the MEA wind power market's expansion. Grid infrastructure limitations in certain regions constrain the integration of large-scale wind farms. Financing remains a barrier, particularly for larger offshore wind projects requiring significant capital investment. The intermittent nature of wind energy necessitates robust energy storage solutions to ensure grid stability. Furthermore, geopolitical risks and regulatory uncertainties in some countries can impact project development.
Leading Players in the MEA Wind Power Market Market
- Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy
- General Electric Company
- Enel Green Power S p A
- Mainstream Renewable Power Ltd
- Envision Energy
- Vestas Wind Systems AS
- Sulzon Energy Limited
- EDF SA
- Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd (Goldwind)
- Acciona Energia SA
Key Developments in MEA Wind Power Market Sector
- January 2023: Successful completion of the xx MW wind farm in Morocco, showcasing increased private sector investment.
- June 2022: Launch of a new, more efficient wind turbine model by Vestas Wind Systems AS, significantly reducing LCOE.
- November 2021: Announcement of a major offshore wind project in South Africa, signaling growing interest in this segment. Further details are included in the full report.
Strategic MEA Wind Power Market Market Outlook
The MEA wind power market presents significant opportunities for investors and industry players. Continued government support, technological advancements, and decreasing costs will drive substantial growth. Focusing on innovative financing models, grid integration solutions, and addressing local challenges specific to each country within MEA will unlock further market potential. The market is poised for expansion, particularly within the onshore sector and, over the longer term, within the increasingly lucrative offshore sector.
MEA Wind Power Market Segmentation
-
1. Location
- 1.1. Onshore
- 1.2. Offshore
-
2. Geography
- 2.1. South Africa
- 2.2. Egypt
- 2.3. Morocco
- 2.4. Kenya
- 2.5. Rest of Middle-East and Africa
MEA Wind Power Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. South Africa
- 2. Egypt
- 3. Morocco
- 4. Kenya
- 5. Rest of Middle East and Africa

MEA Wind Power Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 12.39% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Increasing Investments in Offshore Wind Power Projects4.; Supportive Government Policies
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; Increasing Adopting of Alternative Clean Energy Sources (Ex
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Onshore Segment to Dominate the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 5.1.1. Onshore
- 5.1.2. Offshore
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.2.1. South Africa
- 5.2.2. Egypt
- 5.2.3. Morocco
- 5.2.4. Kenya
- 5.2.5. Rest of Middle-East and Africa
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. South Africa
- 5.3.2. Egypt
- 5.3.3. Morocco
- 5.3.4. Kenya
- 5.3.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 6. South Africa MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 6.1.1. Onshore
- 6.1.2. Offshore
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.2.1. South Africa
- 6.2.2. Egypt
- 6.2.3. Morocco
- 6.2.4. Kenya
- 6.2.5. Rest of Middle-East and Africa
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 7. Egypt MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 7.1.1. Onshore
- 7.1.2. Offshore
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.2.1. South Africa
- 7.2.2. Egypt
- 7.2.3. Morocco
- 7.2.4. Kenya
- 7.2.5. Rest of Middle-East and Africa
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 8. Morocco MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 8.1.1. Onshore
- 8.1.2. Offshore
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.2.1. South Africa
- 8.2.2. Egypt
- 8.2.3. Morocco
- 8.2.4. Kenya
- 8.2.5. Rest of Middle-East and Africa
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 9. Kenya MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 9.1.1. Onshore
- 9.1.2. Offshore
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.2.1. South Africa
- 9.2.2. Egypt
- 9.2.3. Morocco
- 9.2.4. Kenya
- 9.2.5. Rest of Middle-East and Africa
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 10. Rest of Middle East and Africa MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 10.1.1. Onshore
- 10.1.2. Offshore
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 10.2.1. South Africa
- 10.2.2. Egypt
- 10.2.3. Morocco
- 10.2.4. Kenya
- 10.2.5. Rest of Middle-East and Africa
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 11. United Arab Emirates MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Saudi Arabia MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. South Africa MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Rest of Middle East and Africa MEA Wind Power Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Competitive Analysis
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 15.2. Company Profiles
- 15.2.1 Equipment Suppliers
- 15.2.1.1. Overview
- 15.2.1.2. Products
- 15.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.2 3 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy
- 15.2.2.1. Overview
- 15.2.2.2. Products
- 15.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.3 2 General Electric Company
- 15.2.3.1. Overview
- 15.2.3.2. Products
- 15.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.4 4 Enel Green Power S p A
- 15.2.4.1. Overview
- 15.2.4.2. Products
- 15.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.5 2 Mainstream Renewable Power Ltd
- 15.2.5.1. Overview
- 15.2.5.2. Products
- 15.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.6 1 Envision Energy
- 15.2.6.1. Overview
- 15.2.6.2. Products
- 15.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.7 6 Vestas Wind Systems AS
- 15.2.7.1. Overview
- 15.2.7.2. Products
- 15.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.8 Wind Farm Operators
- 15.2.8.1. Overview
- 15.2.8.2. Products
- 15.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.9 4 Sulzon Energy Limited
- 15.2.9.1. Overview
- 15.2.9.2. Products
- 15.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.10 3 EDF SA
- 15.2.10.1. Overview
- 15.2.10.2. Products
- 15.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.11 5 Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd (Goldwind)
- 15.2.11.1. Overview
- 15.2.11.2. Products
- 15.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.12 1 Acciona Energia SA
- 15.2.12.1. Overview
- 15.2.12.2. Products
- 15.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.1 Equipment Suppliers
List of Figures
- Figure 1: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: MEA Wind Power Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: United Arab Emirates MEA Wind Power Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: United Arab Emirates MEA Wind Power Market Volume (Thousand) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Saudi Arabia MEA Wind Power Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Saudi Arabia MEA Wind Power Market Volume (Thousand) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: South Africa MEA Wind Power Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: South Africa MEA Wind Power Market Volume (Thousand) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Rest of Middle East and Africa MEA Wind Power Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Rest of Middle East and Africa MEA Wind Power Market Volume (Thousand) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: MEA Wind Power Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: MEA Wind Power Market Volume Thousand Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the MEA Wind Power Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 12.39%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the MEA Wind Power Market?
Key companies in the market include Equipment Suppliers, 3 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, 2 General Electric Company, 4 Enel Green Power S p A, 2 Mainstream Renewable Power Ltd, 1 Envision Energy, 6 Vestas Wind Systems AS, Wind Farm Operators, 4 Sulzon Energy Limited, 3 EDF SA, 5 Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd (Goldwind), 1 Acciona Energia SA.
3. What are the main segments of the MEA Wind Power Market?
The market segments include Location, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Increasing Investments in Offshore Wind Power Projects4.; Supportive Government Policies.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Onshore Segment to Dominate the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; Increasing Adopting of Alternative Clean Energy Sources (Ex: Solar. Hydro).
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in Thousand.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "MEA Wind Power Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the MEA Wind Power Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the MEA Wind Power Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the MEA Wind Power Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence