Error 404
Object not found
This object does not exist or is not publicly accessible at this URL. Check the URL of the object that you're looking for or contact the owner to enable Public access.
Learn how to enable Public Access
Geographic Coverage of Coffee Trade Analysis Industry
Coffee Trade Analysis Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 2.50% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Objective
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Market Snapshot
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Market Drivers
- 3.2. Market Restrains
- 3.3. Market Trends
- 3.4. Market Opportunities
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
- 4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
- 4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2. PESTEL analysis
- 4.3. BCG Analysis
- 4.3.1. Stars (High Growth, High Market Share)
- 4.3.2. Cash Cows (Low Growth, High Market Share)
- 4.3.3. Question Mark (High Growth, Low Market Share)
- 4.3.4. Dogs (Low Growth, Low Market Share)
- 4.4. Ansoff Matrix Analysis
- 4.5. Supply Chain Analysis
- 4.6. Regulatory Landscape
- 4.7. Current Market Potential and Opportunity Assessment (TAM–SAM–SOM Framework)
- 4.8. PMV Analyst Note
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast 2021-2033
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.6.1. North America
- 5.6.2. Europe
- 5.6.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.6.4. South America
- 5.6.5. Africa
- 6. Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2021-2033
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 6.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 6.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 7. North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 7.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 7.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 8. Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 8.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 8.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 9. Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 9.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 9.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 10. South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 10.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 10.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 10.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 11. Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 11.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 11.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 11.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 11.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Company Profiles
- 12.1.1 JDE Peet's
- 12.1.1.1. Company Overview
- 12.1.1.2. Products
- 12.1.1.3. Company Financials
- 12.1.1.4. SWOT Analysis
- 12.1.2 Starbucks
- 12.1.2.1. Company Overview
- 12.1.2.2. Products
- 12.1.2.3. Company Financials
- 12.1.2.4. SWOT Analysis
- 12.1.3 Keurig Dr Pepper
- 12.1.3.1. Company Overview
- 12.1.3.2. Products
- 12.1.3.3. Company Financials
- 12.1.3.4. SWOT Analysis
- 12.1.4 Nestlé
- 12.1.4.1. Company Overview
- 12.1.4.2. Products
- 12.1.4.3. Company Financials
- 12.1.4.4. SWOT Analysis
- 12.1.5 Jacobs Douwe Egberts
- 12.1.5.1. Company Overview
- 12.1.5.2. Products
- 12.1.5.3. Company Financials
- 12.1.5.4. SWOT Analysis
- 12.1.1 JDE Peet's
- 12.2. Market Entropy
- 12.2.1 Company's Key Areas Served
- 12.2.2 Recent Developments
- 12.3. Company Market Share Analysis 2025
- 12.3.1 Top 5 Companies Market Share Analysis
- 12.3.2 Top 3 Companies Market Share Analysis
- 12.4. List of Potential Customers
- 13. Research Methodology
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 3: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 4: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 5: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 6: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 7: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 8: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 9: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 10: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 11: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 12: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 13: North America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 14: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 15: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 16: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 17: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 18: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 19: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 20: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 21: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 22: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 23: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 24: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 25: Europe Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 28: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 29: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 30: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 31: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 32: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 33: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 34: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 35: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 36: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 37: Asia Pacific Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 38: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 39: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 40: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 41: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 42: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 43: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 44: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 45: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 46: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 47: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 48: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 49: South America Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 50: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 51: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Production Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 52: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 53: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Consumption Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 54: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 55: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 56: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 57: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2025 & 2033
- Figure 58: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 59: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Price Trend Analysis 2025 & 2033
- Figure 60: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 61: Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: United States Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: Canada Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: Mexico Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 21: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 22: United Kingdom Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 23: Denmark Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 24: Netherlands Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 25: Germany Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 26: Norway Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 27: Sweden Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 28: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 29: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 30: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 31: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 32: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 33: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 34: China Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 35: India Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 36: Japan Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 37: Indonesia Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 38: Philippines Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 39: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 40: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 41: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 42: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 43: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 44: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 45: Brazil Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 46: Argentina Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 47: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 48: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 49: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 50: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 51: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 52: Global Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 53: South Africa Coffee Trade Analysis Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Coffee Trade Analysis Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 2.50%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Coffee Trade Analysis Industry?
Key companies in the market include JDE Peet's , Starbucks , Keurig Dr Pepper , Nestlé , Jacobs Douwe Egberts.
3. What are the main segments of the Coffee Trade Analysis Industry?
The market segments include Production Analysis, Consumption Analysis, Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Price Trend Analysis.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XXX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Rising Consumption of Cashew Nuts in the Country; Favorable Government Initiatives.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
United States Dominates the Global Imports.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Hazardous Climatic Condition Hinders Cashew Production; Stringent Regulations Related to Food Quality Standards.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
January 2023: Coffee exported from India was up by nearly 2% to 400,000 tons in 2022, with the rise in instant coffee exports and re-exports in the country. The export of instant coffee increased by 16.73% to 35,810 tons in 2022 from 29,819 tons in the previous year.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Coffee Trade Analysis Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Coffee Trade Analysis Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Coffee Trade Analysis Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Coffee Trade Analysis Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence



