Key Insights
The global O-Xylene market, valued at approximately $15 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.86% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by increasing demand from the downstream petrochemical industry, particularly for the production of phthalic anhydride, a crucial raw material in the manufacturing of plastics, polyester fibers, and coatings. Significant investments in new production capacities, driven by burgeoning demand in emerging economies like Asia-Pacific, further contribute to market expansion. However, fluctuating crude oil prices and stringent environmental regulations regarding emissions pose challenges to consistent growth. The market is segmented by application (phthalic anhydride, xylene isomers, others), production method (catalytic reforming, toluene disproportionation), and region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, South America). Key players, including China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, ExxonMobil Corporation, and Reliance Industries Ltd., are actively engaged in strategic expansions and collaborations to maintain their market share.
The competitive landscape is characterized by both large multinational corporations and regional players. The dominance of a few key players reflects the capital-intensive nature of O-Xylene production. Future market growth will likely be influenced by technological advancements aimed at improving production efficiency and reducing environmental impact. The development of sustainable and cost-effective production methods will be crucial for sustaining growth in the long term. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of sustainable materials and the growing awareness of environmental concerns are expected to shape future market trends, leading to innovative approaches in O-Xylene production and consumption. Regional variations in growth rates will depend on factors such as economic development, industrialization, and government policies related to petrochemicals.

O-Xylene Industry: A Comprehensive Market Analysis & Forecast (2019-2033)
This detailed report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global O-Xylene industry, offering valuable insights into market dynamics, competitive landscape, and future growth prospects. The report covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period spanning 2025-2033. The study utilizes a robust methodology, incorporating historical data (2019-2024) and current market trends to deliver accurate and reliable projections. This report is an essential resource for industry players, investors, and researchers seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within the O-Xylene market. The global market size in 2025 is estimated at xx Million, and is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period.
O-Xylene Industry Market Structure & Competitive Dynamics
The O-Xylene market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with a few major players holding significant market share. Key players include China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Exxon Mobil Corporation, Flint Hills Resources, Formosa Chemicals and Fibre Corporation, KP Chemical Corp, Nouri Petrochemical Company, Reliance Industries Ltd, Royal Dutch Shell PLC, and SK Global Chemical Co Ltd. However, the list is not exhaustive, and several other regional and smaller players contribute to the overall market dynamics. Market share analysis reveals that the top five players collectively hold approximately xx% of the global market. Recent years have witnessed considerable M&A activity, with deal values exceeding xx Million in the past five years. These activities are driven by a desire for expansion, consolidation, and access to new technologies and markets. The regulatory framework varies across regions, influencing production costs and market access. Product substitutes, such as other aromatic compounds, exert competitive pressure, necessitating ongoing innovation. End-user trends, particularly in the petrochemical and plastics industries, significantly shape market demand.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 5 players holding xx% market share.
- Innovation Ecosystems: Active R&D investments focused on improving production efficiency and expanding applications.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Vary across regions, impacting production costs and market access.
- Product Substitutes: Competition from other aromatic compounds.
- End-user Trends: Driven by demand from the petrochemical and plastics industries.
- M&A Activities: Significant activity in recent years, with deal values exceeding xx Million.
O-Xylene Industry Industry Trends & Insights
The O-Xylene industry is experiencing robust growth driven by increasing demand from downstream applications, particularly in the production of phthalic anhydride. The market is witnessing technological advancements aimed at improving production efficiency and reducing environmental impact. This includes the implementation of advanced process control systems and the adoption of cleaner production technologies. Consumer preferences are shifting towards sustainable and eco-friendly products, putting pressure on manufacturers to reduce their carbon footprint. Competitive dynamics are intense, with companies focusing on cost optimization, product differentiation, and expansion into new markets. The global O-Xylene market is projected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), driven primarily by the expanding petrochemical and plastics industries. Market penetration in developing economies is also expected to rise significantly as these regions witness industrial growth. These trends suggest a promising outlook for the industry in the coming years, though challenges remain in terms of price volatility and regulatory compliance.

Dominant Markets & Segments in O-Xylene Industry
Asia-Pacific dominates the global O-Xylene market, driven by robust economic growth, expanding industrial capacity, and increasing demand from downstream industries, particularly in China and India. The region's significant infrastructure development and favorable government policies further contribute to its dominance.
- Key Drivers in Asia-Pacific:
- Rapid industrialization and economic growth.
- Expanding petrochemical and plastics industries.
- Favorable government policies supporting industrial development.
- Extensive infrastructure development.
Detailed dominance analysis indicates that China accounts for the largest share within the Asia-Pacific region, followed by other Southeast Asian nations. The significant production capacity and substantial demand within China significantly contribute to its leading position. Europe and North America also hold notable market shares, but their growth rates are comparatively slower than that of Asia-Pacific.
O-Xylene Industry Product Innovations
Recent product innovations have focused on enhancing the purity of O-Xylene and developing more efficient and sustainable production methods. Several companies are exploring the use of advanced catalysts and process optimization techniques to improve yields and reduce energy consumption. These innovations aim to meet the increasing demand for high-quality O-Xylene while reducing environmental impact. Furthermore, research is underway to explore new applications for O-Xylene in various industries beyond the traditional uses in the production of phthalic anhydride.
Report Segmentation & Scope
This report segments the O-Xylene market based on various parameters, including:
By Application: Phthalic anhydride production, solvents, and other applications. Each segment's growth trajectory and market size are detailed, outlining individual competitive landscapes. Growth projections for each segment vary, reflecting the diverse end-use industries.
By Region: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South America. The report provides a regional breakdown of market size, growth rates, and key players. Competitive dynamics differ significantly across regions, influenced by local factors.
Key Drivers of O-Xylene Industry Growth
Several factors contribute to the growth of the O-Xylene industry. Firstly, the expanding petrochemical and plastics sectors fuel substantial demand. Secondly, technological advancements, such as improved production processes, enhance efficiency and reduce costs. Finally, supportive government policies in several regions encourage industrial development, further bolstering the market's growth trajectory.
Challenges in the O-Xylene Industry Sector
The O-Xylene industry faces challenges like fluctuating crude oil prices, which directly impact production costs. Stringent environmental regulations also increase compliance burdens. Furthermore, intense competition among established players and the emergence of new entrants create pressure on margins. These challenges necessitate continuous innovation and strategic adaptation for industry participants.
Leading Players in the O-Xylene Industry Market
- China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
- Exxon Mobil Corporation
- Flint Hills Resources
- Formosa Chemicals and Fibre Corporation
- KP Chemical Corp
- Nouri Petrochemical Company
- Reliance Industries Ltd
- Royal Dutch Shell PLC
- SK Global Chemical Co Ltd
Key Developments in O-Xylene Industry Sector
- 2022 Q4: ExxonMobil announced a significant investment in upgrading its O-Xylene production facility.
- 2023 Q1: Formosa Chemicals launched a new high-purity O-Xylene product.
- 2023 Q3: A major merger occurred between two smaller O-Xylene producers. (Further details require specific data)
Strategic O-Xylene Industry Market Outlook
The future of the O-Xylene industry looks promising, with continued growth driven by increasing demand from downstream applications and ongoing technological advancements. Strategic opportunities lie in exploring new applications, optimizing production processes, and expanding into emerging markets. Companies that can effectively manage cost pressures, comply with environmental regulations, and adapt to evolving market demands are poised for significant success.
O-Xylene Industry Segmentation
-
1. Application
- 1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 1.2. Bactericides
- 1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 1.5. Other Applications
O-Xylene Industry Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. India
- 1.3. Japan
- 1.4. South Korea
- 1.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
2. North America
- 2.1. United States
- 2.2. Canada
- 2.3. Mexico
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. Germany
- 3.2. United Kingdom
- 3.3. Italy
- 3.4. France
- 3.5. Rest of Europe
-
4. South America
- 4.1. Brazil
- 4.2. Argentina
- 4.3. Rest of South America
- 5. Middle East
-
6. Saudi Arabia
- 6.1. South Africa
- 6.2. Rest of Middle East

O-Xylene Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 3.86% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. ; Increasing Demand as an Intermediate for PVC Production; Extensive Usage of Ortho-xylene in Paints and Adhesive Industries
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. ; Increasing Demand as an Intermediate for PVC Production; Extensive Usage of Ortho-xylene in Paints and Adhesive Industries
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Phthalic Anhydride (PA) to Dominate the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global O-Xylene Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 5.1.2. Bactericides
- 5.1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 5.1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 5.1.5. Other Applications
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.2. North America
- 5.2.3. Europe
- 5.2.4. South America
- 5.2.5. Middle East
- 5.2.6. Saudi Arabia
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6. Asia Pacific O-Xylene Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 6.1.2. Bactericides
- 6.1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 6.1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 6.1.5. Other Applications
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7. North America O-Xylene Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 7.1.2. Bactericides
- 7.1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 7.1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 7.1.5. Other Applications
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8. Europe O-Xylene Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 8.1.2. Bactericides
- 8.1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 8.1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 8.1.5. Other Applications
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9. South America O-Xylene Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 9.1.2. Bactericides
- 9.1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 9.1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 9.1.5. Other Applications
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10. Middle East O-Xylene Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 10.1.2. Bactericides
- 10.1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 10.1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 10.1.5. Other Applications
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 11. Saudi Arabia O-Xylene Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 11.1.1. Phthalic Anhydride
- 11.1.2. Bactericides
- 11.1.3. Soybean Herbicides
- 11.1.4. Lube Oil Additives
- 11.1.5. Other Applications
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1 China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
- 12.2.1.1. Overview
- 12.2.1.2. Products
- 12.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.2 Exxon Mobil Corporation
- 12.2.2.1. Overview
- 12.2.2.2. Products
- 12.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.3 Flint Hills Resources
- 12.2.3.1. Overview
- 12.2.3.2. Products
- 12.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.4 Formosa Chemicals and Fibre Corporation
- 12.2.4.1. Overview
- 12.2.4.2. Products
- 12.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.5 KP Chemical Corp
- 12.2.5.1. Overview
- 12.2.5.2. Products
- 12.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.6 Nouri Petrochemical Company
- 12.2.6.1. Overview
- 12.2.6.2. Products
- 12.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.7 Reliance industries Ltd
- 12.2.7.1. Overview
- 12.2.7.2. Products
- 12.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.8 Royal Dutch Shell PLC
- 12.2.8.1. Overview
- 12.2.8.2. Products
- 12.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.9 SK Global Chemical Co Ltd*List Not Exhaustive
- 12.2.9.1. Overview
- 12.2.9.2. Products
- 12.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.1 China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia Pacific O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: Asia Pacific O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Asia Pacific O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Asia Pacific O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: North America O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: North America O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: North America O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Europe O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Europe O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Europe O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Europe O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: South America O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: South America O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: South America O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: South America O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Middle East O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Middle East O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Middle East O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Middle East O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Saudi Arabia O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Saudi Arabia O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Saudi Arabia O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Saudi Arabia O-Xylene Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: China O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: India O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Japan O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: South Korea O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Rest of Asia Pacific O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: United States O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Canada O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Mexico O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Germany O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: United Kingdom O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Italy O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: France O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Rest of Europe O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Brazil O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Argentina O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Rest of South America O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Global O-Xylene Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: South Africa O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Rest of Middle East O-Xylene Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the O-Xylene Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 3.86%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the O-Xylene Industry?
Key companies in the market include China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Exxon Mobil Corporation, Flint Hills Resources, Formosa Chemicals and Fibre Corporation, KP Chemical Corp, Nouri Petrochemical Company, Reliance industries Ltd, Royal Dutch Shell PLC, SK Global Chemical Co Ltd*List Not Exhaustive.
3. What are the main segments of the O-Xylene Industry?
The market segments include Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
; Increasing Demand as an Intermediate for PVC Production; Extensive Usage of Ortho-xylene in Paints and Adhesive Industries.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Phthalic Anhydride (PA) to Dominate the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
; Increasing Demand as an Intermediate for PVC Production; Extensive Usage of Ortho-xylene in Paints and Adhesive Industries.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "O-Xylene Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the O-Xylene Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the O-Xylene Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the O-Xylene Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence