Key Insights
The Asia Pacific open-source field service software market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach \$2.18 billion in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.68% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions across various industries like Allied FM (both hard and soft services), IT & Telecom, Healthcare & Lifesciences, and Energy & Utilities is driving demand for flexible and cost-effective field service management tools. Open-source software offers a compelling alternative to proprietary solutions, providing customization capabilities and reduced licensing costs. Secondly, the rising need for improved operational efficiency and enhanced customer experience is prompting businesses to seek technologically advanced solutions. Open-source platforms offer robust features like real-time tracking, automated scheduling, and integrated communication tools that directly address these needs. Finally, the presence of a strong ecosystem of developers and contributors ensures ongoing innovation and improvement of these platforms, leading to continuous value addition for users. China, India, and Japan are key regional drivers, reflecting the region's significant growth in technological adoption and the expanding need for efficient field service management across diverse sectors. The market is segmented by deployment type (on-premise and cloud), organization size (SMEs and large enterprises), and end-user industry, providing further granular insights for strategic decision-making.
The competitive landscape is dynamic, with established players like Microsoft (Dynamics 365), Salesforce (Field Service Cloud), and Oracle, alongside specialized open-source providers like Kirona Solutions and Mize Inc. This blend of established brands and specialized vendors provides diverse options to cater to various business needs and technological preferences. The market's future growth trajectory will be influenced by the continued expansion of the cloud computing infrastructure, growing government investments in digital transformation, and the increasing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, which will further enhance the capabilities of field service management software. The market's ongoing evolution will involve greater focus on AI and machine learning integration to optimize workforce deployment, predictive maintenance, and customer service responsiveness. This translates to substantial opportunities for both existing players and new entrants, particularly those focused on innovation and customer-centric solutions within the Asia Pacific region.

Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This detailed report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software market, offering actionable insights for businesses, investors, and stakeholders. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period from 2025 to 2033, this report meticulously examines market structure, competitive dynamics, industry trends, and future growth prospects. The market is segmented by deployment type (on-premise, cloud), organization size (SMEs, large enterprises), end-user (Allied FM, IT & Telecom, Healthcare & Lifesciences, Energy & Utilities, Oil & Gas, Manufacturing, Others), and country (India, China, Japan, Australia, Rest of Asia Pacific). The report's value lies in its granular data, insightful analysis, and predictive capabilities, providing a clear roadmap for navigating this dynamic market. The total market size in 2025 is estimated at xx Million.
Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Market Structure & Competitive Dynamics
The Asia Pacific open-source field service software market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with several key players holding significant market share. However, a vibrant ecosystem of smaller, innovative companies is also emerging, driving competition and fostering rapid innovation. The market is characterized by ongoing mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity, as larger players seek to expand their market reach and product portfolios. Regulatory frameworks vary across the region, impacting market dynamics in different countries. Product substitutes, such as proprietary field service management (FSM) solutions, present a competitive challenge. End-user trends, such as the increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions and mobile technologies, are shaping market demand.
- Market Concentration: The top 5 players account for approximately xx% of the market share in 2025.
- M&A Activity: In the past five years, the total value of M&A deals in this sector has exceeded xx Million. Significant deals included [insert specific deal examples if available, otherwise state "Data unavailable"].
- Innovation Ecosystem: The market is witnessing significant innovation in areas such as AI-powered scheduling, predictive maintenance, and IoT integration.
- Regulatory Landscape: Compliance with data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR in certain regions) is a key consideration for vendors and end-users.
- End-User Trends: Growing demand for mobile-first solutions and real-time data analytics is driving market growth.
Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Industry Trends & Insights
The Asia Pacific open-source field service software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by several key factors. The increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions offers scalability, cost-effectiveness, and improved accessibility. Technological advancements, such as the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), are enhancing field service operations. Consumer preferences are shifting towards personalized service experiences and real-time visibility into service requests. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with both established players and emerging startups vying for market share. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the forecast period (2025-2033) is projected to be xx%, while market penetration is expected to reach xx% by 2033. This growth is significantly influenced by the expanding digital infrastructure across the region, particularly in emerging economies. Government initiatives promoting digital transformation are also boosting the market. However, challenges remain such as the digital divide in certain regions, varying levels of technical expertise, and security concerns.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market
Leading Region: India and China are anticipated to be the largest markets within the Asia-Pacific region, driven by expanding digital infrastructure and a growing demand for efficient field service solutions across various industries. Japan and Australia also represent significant markets, with advanced technological adoption and a focus on customer service excellence.
Dominant Segments:
- By Deployment Type: Cloud-based deployments are anticipated to dominate the market due to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility.
- By Organization Size: Large enterprises represent a significant share of the market due to their higher IT budgets and greater need for sophisticated field service management solutions.
- By End-User: The IT and Telecom, and Energy and Utilities sectors are expected to be the most significant end-user segments, driven by the critical need for efficient and reliable field service operations. However, growth is also expected across other sectors such as Allied FM, Healthcare, and Manufacturing.
- By Country: India's burgeoning IT sector and significant population are key drivers for market growth. China's expanding manufacturing and infrastructure projects also contribute substantially. Japan's focus on technological advancement and Australia's mature service economy create substantial opportunities.
Key Drivers:
- India: Strong IT infrastructure, government initiatives promoting digitalization, and a large and growing service sector.
- China: Rapid industrialization, infrastructure development, and a significant manufacturing base.
- Japan: High technological adoption, focus on efficiency and customer service, and established IT infrastructure.
- Australia: Mature service sector, strong adoption of advanced technologies, and government support for digital transformation.
Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Product Innovations
Recent product innovations focus on enhancing mobile capabilities, integrating AI for predictive maintenance and intelligent scheduling, improving customer self-service portals, and incorporating IoT data for real-time asset monitoring. These advancements provide significant competitive advantages, enabling companies to offer streamlined, efficient, and data-driven field service solutions tailored to the needs of various industries and organizational sizes. The integration of these technologies is improving first-time fix rates, reducing operational costs, and enhancing customer satisfaction.
Report Segmentation & Scope
This report segments the Asia Pacific open-source field service software market based on deployment type (on-premise and cloud), organization size (SMEs and large enterprises), end-user (Allied FM, IT and Telecom, Healthcare and Lifesciences, Energy and Utilities, Oil and Gas, Manufacturing, and Other End-Users), and country (India, China, Japan, Australia, and Rest of Asia Pacific). Growth projections for each segment are provided, along with market size estimations and an analysis of competitive dynamics within each segment.
Key Drivers of Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Growth
The market's growth is propelled by factors such as the increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions for improved scalability and accessibility, the integration of AI and IoT for enhanced operational efficiency, and government initiatives promoting digital transformation across various industries. The rising demand for mobile-first solutions and improved customer experiences further fuels market expansion. The increasing need for efficient and reliable field service operations across diverse sectors also contributes to the market's growth trajectory.
Challenges in the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Sector
Challenges include the diverse regulatory landscape across the region, the digital divide in certain areas resulting in unequal access to technology, security concerns related to data privacy and protection, and the need for skilled workforce trained in utilizing open-source field service software. These factors pose potential barriers to market penetration and overall growth, requiring innovative solutions and strategic adaptation by vendors. The presence of established players with proprietary solutions also presents a significant competitive challenge.
Leading Players in the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Market
- Kirona Solutions Limited (Advanced)
- Mize Inc
- Microsoft Corporation (Dynamics 365 for Field Service)
- Zinier Inc
- The simPRO Group Pty Limited
- IFS AB
- ServiceMax Inc
- Field Aware US Inc
- Salesforce com Inc (Field Service Cloud)
- Trimble Inc
- Oracle Corporation (OFSC)
- Accruent LLC (Fortive Corp)
- Coresystems (SAP SE)
- ServicePower Inc
Key Developments in Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Sector
- October 2021: Salesforce introduced four new capabilities for Field Service, enhancing mobile workforce capabilities, workflow customization, self-service scheduling, and real-time video troubleshooting.
- August 2022: ServiceMax expanded ServiceMax Core with new features to improve customer field service management performance, revenue, and margin growth.
Strategic Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Market Outlook
The Asia Pacific open-source field service software market presents significant growth potential, driven by increasing digitalization, technological advancements, and rising demand for efficient and customer-centric field service solutions. Strategic opportunities lie in developing innovative solutions tailored to specific industry needs, focusing on cloud-based deployments and integrating AI and IoT capabilities. Companies that can adapt to the diverse regulatory landscape and address the digital divide will be best positioned to capitalize on this market's growth trajectory.
Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Segmentation
-
1. Deployment Type
- 1.1. On-premise
- 1.2. Cloud
-
2. Organization Size
- 2.1. Small and Medium Enterprises
- 2.2. Large Enterprises
-
3. End-User
- 3.1. Allied F
- 3.2. IT and Telecom
- 3.3. Healthcare and Lifesciences
- 3.4. Energy and Utilities
- 3.5. Oil and Gas
- 3.6. Manufacturing
- 3.7. Other
Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. Japan
- 1.3. South Korea
- 1.4. India
- 1.5. Australia
- 1.6. New Zealand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Malaysia
- 1.9. Singapore
- 1.10. Thailand
- 1.11. Vietnam
- 1.12. Philippines

Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 19.68% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Customer Demand for Quicker Response Time enabling FMS Companies to Invest in New Technologies; Growing Emphasis on Maximizing Work Efficiency
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Increasing Risk of Counterfeits
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Adoption of Field Service Management Solutions in India is Increasing at a High Pace
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment Type
- 5.1.1. On-premise
- 5.1.2. Cloud
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Organization Size
- 5.2.1. Small and Medium Enterprises
- 5.2.2. Large Enterprises
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 5.3.1. Allied F
- 5.3.2. IT and Telecom
- 5.3.3. Healthcare and Lifesciences
- 5.3.4. Energy and Utilities
- 5.3.5. Oil and Gas
- 5.3.6. Manufacturing
- 5.3.7. Other
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment Type
- 6. China Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Japan Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. India Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. South Korea Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Taiwan Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Australia Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Kirona Solutions Limited (Advanced)
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Mize Inc
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Microsoft Corporation (Dynamics 365 for Field Service)
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Zinier Inc
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 The simPRO Group Pty Limited
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 IFS AB
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 ServiceMax Inc
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 Field Aware US Inc
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Salesforce com Inc (Field Service Cloud)
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 Trimble Inc
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.11 Oracle Corporation (OFSC)
- 13.2.11.1. Overview
- 13.2.11.2. Products
- 13.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.12 Accruent LLC (Fortive Corp)
- 13.2.12.1. Overview
- 13.2.12.2. Products
- 13.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.13 Coresystems (SAP SE)
- 13.2.13.1. Overview
- 13.2.13.2. Products
- 13.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.14 ServicePower Inc
- 13.2.14.1. Overview
- 13.2.14.2. Products
- 13.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Kirona Solutions Limited (Advanced)
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Deployment Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Organization Size 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: China Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Japan Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: India Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: South Korea Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Taiwan Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Australia Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Deployment Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Organization Size 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: China Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Japan Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: South Korea Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: India Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Australia Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: New Zealand Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Indonesia Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Malaysia Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Singapore Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Thailand Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Vietnam Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Philippines Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 19.68%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market?
Key companies in the market include Kirona Solutions Limited (Advanced), Mize Inc, Microsoft Corporation (Dynamics 365 for Field Service), Zinier Inc, The simPRO Group Pty Limited, IFS AB, ServiceMax Inc, Field Aware US Inc, Salesforce com Inc (Field Service Cloud), Trimble Inc, Oracle Corporation (OFSC), Accruent LLC (Fortive Corp), Coresystems (SAP SE), ServicePower Inc.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market?
The market segments include Deployment Type, Organization Size, End-User.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 2.18 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Customer Demand for Quicker Response Time enabling FMS Companies to Invest in New Technologies; Growing Emphasis on Maximizing Work Efficiency.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Adoption of Field Service Management Solutions in India is Increasing at a High Pace.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Increasing Risk of Counterfeits.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
August 2022 - ServiceMax, a leader in asset-centric field service management, declared the continued expansion of ServiceMax Core by adding new extra features that can fuel better customer field service management performance, revenue, and margin growth. These advancements benefit not only administrators, field technicians, planners, and dispatchers but also an increasing scope of roles associated with expanding operating margins, driving customer value, and improving revenues.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia Pacific Open Source Field Service Software Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence